舜典四
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舜典四(第1/2页)
五刑之用,性命以残,支体以折,痛楚以剧,而仅为之名曰“象”,岂圣人之忍于戕人而徒丑其象哉?夫死之非患,痛之弗恤,重矜其象,以目治警来者,是圣人以君子之道待天下也。恶死而恤病者,人之所共,亦鸟兽之所共也。象者,人之所耻,非鸟兽之能耻也。创巨痛深,而惟死之不令,形之不全,则恶而畏之,斯君子之以别于鸟兽。乃圣人以此待放辟邪侈之罢民,则甚矣其不忍以鸟兽之畏恶为生人之畏恶,而必欲致之于君子也。
虽然,致之君子也者,其名也;残性命,折支体,剧痛楚者,其实也。名奖而实伤之,帝王之民,虽荼毒而不怨。教之有素,而矜之以诚,然后使即刑焉。岂仅曰奖之以君子之道,而可死之、伤之,无不可忍哉?
程子曰:“有《关雎》、《麟趾》之精意,而后《周官》之法度可行。”
文具无实,则政教且以滋扰,况无昭明平章之至化,而遽复象刑之辟?其教也不素,其矜也不诚,徒托于名以戕其实。不仁哉!钟繇、陈群之欲以行于曹魏也!
五帝用之,德先之也。三王因之,道未有以易之也。盖至于春秋,而淑人介士且以为“游羿之彀中”矣。率天下以“游于羿之彀中”,非至不仁,有不酸心刺骨于斯者乎?
朱子曰:“徒流之法,不足以止穿窬淫放之奸。”
然则三代之季,季康子无可患之盗,而《诗》无“抱布贸丝”之刺矣。
且夫人之怀奸作慝者,非必淫者不可窃,窃者不欲淫也。淫者宫而足以窃者存,窃者剕而足以淫者存。必欲绝其为恶之本,则惟杀之而后其本拔。宫之剕之,毋亦仅绝其末乎?此刘颂之诐辞也,君子奚取焉!
与人并齿于天地之间,面已黥矣,趾已兀矣,鼻已毁矣,人道绝而髭已凋、音已雌矣,何恤乎其不冒死以求逞于一朝?又姑息怜其无用,引而置之宫府之间,余祭之祸发,而不知其凡几矣!宦寺之恶,稔于士人,惟其无廉隅之惜,子孙之虑耳。
故灭汉亡唐,而愍不畏死。原其始,犹夫人之子,而非奸宄之徒也。然且以不恤而倾人之国,又况其以窃以淫而在傍在侧也乎?无赖之民,垂涎貂珰之宠,自宫而宫其子以侥幸,国家尝严为之禁而不能止。害之所倚,利之所伏,彼奸民者又何恶于宫,而不以觊幸于万一哉?
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且夫天之生人,道以成形;而人之有生,形以藏性。二气内乖,则支体外痿;支体外断,则性情内椓。故阉腐之子,豺声阴鸷,浮屠髡发,安忍无亲;逋奴黥面,窃盗益剧;珽之矐目,顽谗无惮。形蚀气亏,符朕必合,则是以止恶之法增其恶也。名示天下以君子,而实成天下之奸回,悲夫!为复肉刑之议者,其无后乎!
今夫殄人之宗而绝其世,在国曰灭,在家曰毁。罪不逮此,而绝其生理,老无与养,死无与殡;无罪之鬼,无与除墓草而奠杯浆。伤哉,宫乎!均于大辟矣!
是故汉文之仁,万世之仁也。借其不然,高洋、刘子业、武曌、朱温以为之君,义纵、宁成、周兴、来俊臣以为之吏,包拯、海瑞褎然而称君子,天下生民得全其支体者,百不得一矣。
语曰:“有治人,无治法。”笞、杖、徒、流以为法而无其人,则今日之天下是已。肉刑以为法而无其人,昔为“羿之彀中”,今其渔之竭泽,故曰择祸莫如轻。
贤者创而不肖足以守,乃可垂之百世而祸不延。以舜为君,皋陶为士,执笞、杖、徒、流之法,刺天下之奸而有余。曹羲有言:“在上者洗濯其心,心静而民足,各得其性,何惧乎奸之不胜?”此之谓也。何事箝缇萦之口,傅曹操之翼,溅血市廷而后允哉?
若夫笞、杖、徒、流之用赎也,则苟且之弊也,墨吏之缘以济贪,不可不分别禁之也。笞杖无的决,而滥用讯杖以杀无辜,墨吏之缘以饰怒而逞威,不可不抑而遏之也。今欲善徒、流、笞、杖之法,莫如申的决之法,而除无名之讯杖,则恶可以惩,而民生不殄矣。
上古朴略之法,存而不论焉可矣。为君子者,勿但务为空言,以启后世凶人之实祸,尚慎之哉!
讯杖者,始以讯也。淫刑者,非讯而用之以挞,刀锯之外有杀人之具焉。令甲不载,而恣有司之暴怒,以虐辟道失避、输将不敏、祇候失当之疲民,血肉狼籍于杖下而靡所控,既已惨矣。且益之以夹拶箍楔之毒刘,刑具日繁,而民死益众。有不忍人之心者,损之不及,而复欲益之以刀锯乎?言之所兴,事之所成;心之所操,天之所鉴;故曰不可不慎也。
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